The United States Banking Sector - 1562 Words

As a capitalistic society, the United States banking sector has flourished ever since the chartering of its first bank, Bank of North America in 1781 (Smith). Historically, banking has brought on significant industrialization in the United States, enabling our nation to stand among the most powerful today. However, the current United States national debt is at $19.2 trillion, and every second it is increasing exponentially (â€Å"U.S. National†). How did we manage to fall into such a dark abyss of financial debt? Poor banking, continuous deregulation of the banking sector, riskier and higher leveraged investments, sub-prime mortgage loans, and fraud. These are all factors which have led our economy to collapse over and over again. In this mess†¦show more content†¦This increase of focus on finance can only be promising for our country and I hope it can positively impact our economy for many generations to come. If I were a financial analyst, what would my typical day at work look like? Well, my primary focus would be to provide financial institutions and individual’s advice on making investments. My advice would come from my personal assessments of stocks, bonds and various other tools for investment. Many analysts work 60 hours a week or more compared to the usual 40 hours per week for many other professions (â€Å"Summary†). Most of my day will be consumed by meetings with other analysts, to collaborate on data research. Throughout my day, as long as the stock market is open, I will be executing buy/sell orders on stocks and bonds. Oftentimes, most financial institutions will have certain strategies for managing their risk, therefore, I will need to follow these guidelines. Once the stock market closes at 4pm, I am likely to attend more meetings, where I will explain my investment decisions of the day. The demand for my assistance at work will determine when I end my day. The general culture among financial analysts is to grab dr inks after work with colleagues. Most often, this period after work is an opportunity to network with other working professionals (Ingall). From my typical day, we can see some positives and negatives

Trance Dance of the San

The trance dance, which is still practiced by San communities in the Kalahari region, is an indigenous ritual by which a state of altered consciousness is achieved through rhythmic dancing and hyperventilation. It is used for healing sickness in individuals and healing negative aspects of the community as a whole. The trance dance experiences of San shaman are believed to be recorded by southern African rock art.    San Healing Trance Dances The San people of Botswana and Namibia were formerly known as Bushmen. They are descended from some of the oldest surviving lineages of modern humans. Their traditions and way of life may be preserved from ancient times. Today, many have been displaced from their native lands in the name of conservation, and they may be unable to practice their traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle. The trance dance is a healing dance for individuals and the community as a whole. It is their most prominent religious practice, according to some sources. It can take several forms. Many adults, both men, and women become healers in San communities. In one form, the women of the community sit around the fire and clap and sing rhythmically while the healers dance. They sing medicine songs that they learn from their youth. The ritual continues all night long. The healers dance in counterpoint to the rhythm in single file. They may wear rattles attached to their legs. They dance themselves into an altered state, which often includes feeling a great deal of pain. They may scream in pain during the dance. Upon entering the altered consciousness through the dance, the shamans feel healing energy awaken in them, and they are careful to channel it to those who need healing. They do this by touching those who have sickness, sometimes generally on their torso, but also on body parts that are affected by the illness. This can take the form of the healer drawing the illness out of the person and then yelling to eject it into the air. The trance dance can also be used to draw away community ills such as anger and disputes. In other variations, drums may be used and offerings may be hung from nearby trees. San Rock Art and the Trance Dance The trance dance and healing rituals are believed to be depicted in paintings and carvings in caves and rock shelters in South Africa and Botswana. Some rock art shows women clapping and people dancing as in the trance dance ritual. They are also believed to depict rain dances, which also involved trance dancing, capturing a rain dance animal, kill it in the trance state and thus attract rain. San rock art often depicts Eland bulls, which is a symbol of curing and the trance dance according to Thomas Dowson in  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Reading Art, Writing History: Rock Art and Social Change in Southern Africa.† The art also shows hybrids of humans and animals, which may be representations of healers in the trance dance.

Polymerase Chain Reaction Essay - 1003 Words

One may view cloning as copying a living thing and producing multiple copies. People may think of cloning rabbits, sheep or humans. In the field of molecular biology, however cloning is viewed at a genetic molecular level, where a piece of DNA is copied on a large-scale by genetically copying tens to hundreds of thousands of identical DNA fragments. Researchers are developing new methods of cloning by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR was introduced in the 1980s and in recent years Kary Mullis won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his invention of PCR. Today, Scientists today are researching the various sub-fields of cloning, using PCR, in new ways using terminators, enzyme insertion, and types of cloning to produce high†¦show more content†¦This article also explain how polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the most powerful amplification technology available for producing large quantities of DNA from a sample (Mullis et al. 2006). The scientists also tested thermo sta ble DNA polymerase and found Thermus aquaticus Polymerase (Taq) is the best for polymerase chain reaction. PCR is composes of three steps; denaturation, primer annealing, and polymerization. In the denaturation step, the target DNA is separated into two stands through heating, the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases, yielding single stands of DNA. In the annealing step, the temperature is decreased to anneal the primers. In the polymerization step, the template DNA is used by Taq polymerase to produce a complementary copy by extending the primers from their 3’ ends of the DNA. The development of thermo stable polymerases based on Taq, T4 DNA, and pfu polymerase, revolutionized PCR and converted it to a technique that can be used routinely in any lab. In respect to molecular biology, cloning has been the center for branching out new technologies in the topic to cloning. In Cloning and analysis of PCR-generated DNA fragments (Coasta et al. 1994), had explored the five main methods for cloning. They include, restriction enzyme site incorporation, T/A cloning, Uracil-DNA-gylcosylase cloning (UDG), ligase independent cloning, and blunt ended cloning. Each of the five many cloningShow MoreRelatedThe Reaction Of Polymerase Chain Reaction1823 Words   |  8 PagesPolymerase Chain Reaction: Polymerase chain reaction, also known as PCR, a technology that has made a tremendous impact on researchers, and has also affected many aspects of our everyday lives. The introduction of recombinant DNA technology has revolutionized the study of life as a tool for the biological sciences. Molecular cloning allowed the study of individual genes of living organisms; however there was dependence of obtaining a relatively large quantity of pure DNA. Scientists found it extremelyRead MorePolymerase Chain Reaction ( Pcr )1564 Words   |  7 PagesMBB/BIO 181 | Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Name: Teresa Naval INTRODUCTION Scientifically, why is the study of Alu insertions interesting? (10 pts) Alu insertions are biological tools that can trace human history, evolution, and migration. In particular, Alu is often used to understand prehistory because all primates (including humans) with Alu insertions at specific locations can be traced to common ancestors [3]. Alu is sometimes referred to as a â€Å"jumping gene† because it copies itselfRead MoreDna Sequences Using Polymerase Chain Reaction1605 Words   |  7 PagesAmplification of 16S Ribosomal DNA Sequences using Polymerase Chain Reaction Edwina Abou Haidar, Houssam Al Koussa, Mary AbedAlAhad. Department of Biology, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon Abstract The 16s rRNA gene sequencing is a widely common amplicon sequencing method used to identify and compare bacteria in a given sample. This method is well established and allows to study phylogeny and taxonomy of complex microbiomes. In this study, an unknown sample of extracted microbialRead MoreEssay What is the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 1033 Words   |  5 PagesThe polymerase chain reaction or PCR for short can be used to create many copies of DNA. This allows the DNA to then be visualized using a dye like ethidium bromide after gel electrophoresis. The process has been refined over the years, however the basic steps are similar. The first is to denature dsDNA through heating to ~96  °C. This separates the two strands of DNA. The exact temperature to be used can be calculated with Tm = 4oC x (no. of G C) + 2oC x (no. of A T). Tm is the melting pointRead MoreLab Report : Bacillus Subtilus Using A Polymerase Chain Reaction1903 Words   |  8 Pages The purpose of this experiment was to amplify the ÃŽ ±-amylase gene in Bacillus subtilus using a polymerase chain reaction. Bacillus subtilus is a gram-positive bacterium that resides in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of animals and primarily uses aerobic respiration for survival (Yu et al., 2015). Due to it’s ability to take part in the fermentation process, B. subtilus can produce large amounts of the ÃŽ ±-amylase enzyme which is responsible for catalyzing the digestion of polysaccharides, suchRead MoreA Short Note On A Polymerase Chain Reaction ( Pcr ) Essay1264 Words   |  6 PagesMy longest ongoing project began in October 2014 under the guidance of Dr. Daniela Vergara, a postdoctoral researcher of the CGRI. Dr. Vergara guided another undergraduate student and me to troubleshoot a protocol for a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The objective of improving this protocol was to analyze phylogenetic relationships between local samples by amplifying and comparing a regi on of Tetrahydrocannabinol Acid (THCA) Synthase Gene. My colleague and I had applied for the Undergraduate ResearchRead MoreDna Barcoding Using Coi For Species Identification For Conservation1573 Words   |  7 PagesThe DNA Barcoding is becoming more popular in the present times due to its accuracy in the identification of different species. It has been approved to be more accurate than other taxonomic methods. The DNA Barcoding employs in the use of Polymerase Chain Reaction to magnify the COI gene. The amplified COI genes of the organisms are sequenced and compared with a known database of the organisms. The DNA Barcoding aids in understanding many characteristics of the species. These characteristics of theRead MoreEssay on Using PCR and Gel Electrophoresis to Determine Genotype583 Words   |  3 PagesGel Electrophoresis to Determine Genotype In certain situations, it is necessary to identify DNA retreived from a sample. When there is a small sample in need of identification, Polymerase Chain Reactions are used to multiply the DNA in the sample in to many identical samples. The DNA retrieved from the reaction can then be imported into an aparatus using gel electrophoresis to compare the sample of DNA to other samples. In our experiment we learned the how to replicate tiny samples of DNARead MoreAbstract. Taq Polymerase Is Essential In Polymerase Chain1446 Words   |  6 Pages ABSTRACT Taq Polymerase is essential in Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) experiments to obtain a PCR amplification of an unknown gene. The unknown gene is then ligated into a vector plasmid, which is placed in a bacterium Escherichia Coli to transform and multiply. Ultimately, identification and characterization of the unknown gene is done using electrophoreses and gel imaging. Cloning techniques such as the one performed have been used for many years to isolate genes from a variety of species.Read MoreA Segment Of The Will Die Slowly Gene From Drosophila Melanogaster1688 Words   |  7 PagesHarden’s lab at Simon Fraser University using random PCR primers. Attempts at purifying and characterizing this gene have been elusive. Here, we show methods for isolating, amplifying, and purifying the gene of interest for analysis. Using polymerase chain reaction to amplify the gene, it is then ligated into a pGEM-T Easy vector for TA cloning experiments. Transformation for further vector prolif eration is done on competent Escherichia coli cells. Subsequently, the vector is purified through plasmid

Analysis Of The Poem The Mahabharta - 1560 Words

Abstract:The greatest Indian epic, â€Å"The Mahabharta† has resonated in the collective imaginations for millenniums owing to its universal themes. Having given the world the Bhagavad Gita, the story of Damayanti, an abbreviated version of the Ramayana, and the Rishyasringa, often considered as works in their own right, it is basically a story of men pursuing power and men who have wronged and have been wronged with. By virtue of this content, the author has tried to put forth her take on the grey characters of Mahabharta. Keywords:Pandavas, Draupadi, Bhagwat Gita, Krishna, Duryodhana 1. Introduction Mahabharata has been an oft-cited Indian epic for its grey portrayal of characters, their foibles and the unique codes of righteousness it preaches. The story came into existence as conceived by the medieval saint Tulsidas, and spread by word of mouth for centuries thereafter. The first and most noted English text on Mahabharata has been â€Å"Mahabharata† as written by C. Rajagopalachari which is the central focus of discourse here. A lot has been said about the anecdotes, preachings and characterisation of the folklore Mahabharata at various social platforms and literary articles. For those of the opinion that the original Mahabharata is just a story from the standpoint of Pandavas; there are various other texts like Rashmirathi and Mrityunjay (Mahabharata in Karn’s perspective) and The Palace of Illusions (Draupadi’s perspective of turnings) for reference and takes on less focussed

How Archduke Franz Ferdinand was Assasinated Free Essays

Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, has been assassinated along with his wife, at the age of 65, while he was invited to travel to Bosnia in order to observe military manoeuvres and open the state museum in Sarajevo. Although he was aware of the many dangers of such an act, the Bosnians desperate fervour for independence and the many terrorist organizations intent upon destroying our government; his love of the low-class wife blinded him. He was permitted to be seen in public with his beloved wife only while acting as â€Å"Military inspector† which was what brought him to set out on these types of trips. We will write a custom essay sample on How Archduke Franz Ferdinand was Assasinated or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Serbian Military Intelligence was most intent upon this assassination, due to their highly arrogant and crafty ambitions: to take over Bosnia which we have rightfully acquired. It was, therefore, not a surprise when we received first-hand reports proving it was the Serbian Intelligence who were directly responsible for backing the particular group of terrorists who committed these acts. However this did not detract from Franz Ferdinand’s foolish actions, which as you will see were in sharp contrast to our honourable and wise King’s decisions, when he visited Bosnia: First of all King Franz Joseph had policemen around the streets to protect him, whereas Franz Ferdinand had less than 120 policemen to protect him. King Joseph kept his itinerary top secret, far from the view of suspicious organizations, whereas Franz Ferdinand had his whole itinerary published in the media. On top of that he chose to ride in the â€Å"Grif Stift† roofless, with his feathery hat sticking out of the vehicle. After brief inspections of the military barracks, the archduke’s first stop was the Town Hall via Sarajevo’s main road, the Appel Quay. Unknown to the distracted police forces, six young men were lined up across the Appel Quay with Weapons supplied to them from the Serbian Intelligence. Although 5 out of 6 of the assassins did not respond when the procession passed them, Nedeljko Cabrinovic did. He hurled a hand grenade at the archduke†¦ ut he had hit it faster than was required. Moreover it bounced off the back of the vehicle the Archduke was riding in and it blew up on the car behind the archduke’s. After realising the situation, the driver accelerated, thus causing Princip to miss his first chance of assassination, and the procession reached the town hall. Here the Archduke cancelled the remainder of his program and advised his officials to utilise a different route to the one already advertised. Unfortunately he forgot to inform the chauffeurs, which would cost him his life. Gavrillo Princip, already dying from Tuberculosis and determined to die as a martyr, was thrown into deep confusion after his group had failed their assassination. He was on his way home when he spotted the vehicle†¦ He stepped forwards, fired two shots at the Archduke and waited. The first shot struck the archduke in his neck, cutting off his jugular vein, rendering his bullet proof covering useless while the second shot hit the duchess in her abdomen. The archduke’s last words were, â€Å"Sophie dear! Sophie dear! Don’t die! Stay alive for our children! â€Å". It was thus that his love for his low-class wife bought his death†¦ How to cite How Archduke Franz Ferdinand was Assasinated, Papers

Diana in the Docks free essay sample

She was arguing that her privacy had been breached when Bryce Taylor, the manager at her gym, set up a camera in the ceiling and took photos of her using the leg press and sold the photos to the Mirror. ? Defendant: Bryce Taylor was the defendant. He was in fact being represented by Geoffrey Robertson himself. Robertson was assigned y the court to be Taylor’s lawyer to try and make sure the trial was as fair as possible. Robertson believed that the gym was as public as could be and that anyone could have taken photos from outside the street, so what difference did it make that they were taken inside the gym. ? â€Å"LA Fitness (the gym) comprised one giant room†¦ so that everybody could see everybody else. The leg-press machine that Diana used was in front of a vast glass wall looking onto a public thoroughfare†¦ she had not objected when children pressed their noses to the glass and exclaimed, ‘Look at the Princess of Wales! ’† On the other hand, he raised the point that she could have been entitled to at least a little bit of privacy, that the manager â€Å"owed Diana some measures of consideration†. We will write a custom essay sample on Diana in the Docks or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ? Robertson argued that Diana was mostly to blame for the potential breach in privacy and should have been more careful with her action and known that she would not have privacy in such a public place.. Many people saw her there everyday, so what difference did it make if the images of her working out were frozen and replicated in a newspaper. â€Å"Offering her honorary membership†¦ by saving 500 pounds/year she weakened her claim that he owed her confidentiality, because she had not paid for any. † â€Å"She acquired no enforceable rights against covert photography. The Mirror had depicted what dozens of members had seen with their own eyes, and what children has seen when they gawked through the window. † ? Robertson explains how Taylor sought advice before taking the photos so he could be sure there was no law against it ? â€Å"He had gone to see a leading solicitor who told him hat since there was no protection for privacy his actions were not illegal and on that assurance he had gone ahead. † ? â€Å"Diana had been the victim of a dirty trick which provided windfall profits to undeserving people. But could she, and if so, should she, sue? † – Robertson’s opinion is that Taylor should not have done what he did even if it wasn’t illegal and was just a â€Å"trick†. The rhetorical question demonstrates a shift in tone and prepares the reader for the detail of the case that was to come. ? Could the Justice Game be won convincingly and without damage to herself† Justice comes at a price when it really shouldn’t because the person receiving justice is in the right and should not have to pay in any way for that. ? â€Å"I might have preferred to act for the princess. † shows Robertson’s personal opinion. Suggests he may have struggled to argue for Taylor because he didn’t truly believe he was right. But did this matter? † Rhetorical question shows shift in perspective; takes recount from defending Taylor to defending Diana. â€Å"But Diana wanted privacy only when it suited her. † has. As a popular figure, she really doesn’t have a choice over the privacy and yet she wants to control it. ? This is almost insulting fame and the influence it â€Å"Of privacy which requires protection not because of any contract or confidentiality or fiduciary relationship, but by reason of our humanity. † This is related to the preface when Robertson says that â€Å"this book argues for humanity† ? whole book and into this case as well rehearse for her cross examination† theatre metaphor has been continued throughout. We have become much more concerned about free speech violations than privacy violations: the former attack the undivided attention of human rights organisations while the latter are rarely condemned† This means that free speech and privacy cannot work ? together and the laws must be specific to the situation to determine which one has been breached to a higher degree. ? There was a deal done between the parties which paid Taylor to not go to court and which saved Diana from any embarrassment. The case never went to trial.

Business Research Literature Review

Question: Discuss about the Business Research Literature Review. Answer: Introduction In this assignment, a comprehensive literature review had been developed for the business research proposal related with topic study and analyze marketing tools and tactics used by Coles Supermarkets, Australia. There were some major topics included in this literature review section. They were such as overview of the Australian retail industry, Global Retail Business, consumer demand and ideas of independence groceries. The main hypotheses of this literature review section is to analyse the effectiveness of marketing tools and tactics used by Australian retail companies compare to global retail companies. It had been assumed that Australian retail market is still growing and it can be improved by modifying the marketing tools and techniques used in this industry. Topic 1 Australian retail market Hypothesis: H0: Australian retail market has a steady growth in the market H1: Australian retail market do not has a steady growth in the market It has been found that Australian retail market is growing rapidly. The retail market of Australia has increased by 3% in accordance to the current value terms in 2016[1]. Although, the growth is positive, it had been analyzed that the growth rate had become slower than 2015[2]. The main reason behind the slower rate of growth of Australian retail market is that Australian customers remain cautious about their spending during the whole year due to low level of income growth. The customer good subdivision of Australian retail market has struggled with critical retail conditions over the last five years. It had been found that volatile consumer sentiment and weak growth of economy due to fluctuating financial market had developed tensed time for the subdivision operators. In addition, it had been found that there was continuous fall in the retail demand in Australia for video games, photographic equipments, books, newspapers, stationary goods and footwear[3]. However, online retailing or internet retailing of Australia had reached a relatively steady rate. In the year of 2016, it had been found that the online retailing has outperformed store-based retailing is Australia. Due to the increase importance of retail presence across different channels had influenced Australian retailers like Woolsworth and Wesfarmers to increase investment on multichannel retailing[4]. They started to focus on online business presence. They started to use social media like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube for promotion and advertisements. It had been analyzed that the trend of consumer demand of Australian retail market favored the convenience offered by online retailing. Aggressive expansion of Aldi indicates the continuous growth of this industry[5]. Wesfarmers is considered as the largest retailer in Australian in the year of 2016. The company is presently leading across different categories of retailing. The value growth of the company Wesfarmers is highly driven by the strong performance is categories like office supply stores, home and garden, mass merchandisers and forecourt retailers. The company is ranked as number one organization in terms of value share in the year of 2016[6]. It had been analyzed that retailing industry in Australia will increase at a value of CAGR of 3% over the next forecast period[7]. It will be largely driven by garden and home specialist retailers and online retailing. It is expected that these categories of retail industry will show strong growth due to growing demand for new houses and due to faster adoption of new technologies and online services. There were two major factors that have affected the Australian retail market the most. They are such as Government policies and the subdued lending environment. The election of new coalition Australian government in 2013 had come up with two major factors[8]. The government has announced the withdrawal of government subsidies for many retail organizations. For this reason, various local retail groceries have closed their operation in Australia. The government has renewed the focus on the reduction of federal debt reduction to handle the national deficit leading to the viewpoint of tax increment and deep cuts to family benefits. In addition, banking sector has also become the subject of capital adequacy reforms designed to protect the retail industry. It would help to secure the retail industry from unexpected fluctuations and promote stability to this industry. In term of future, it had been analyzed that, Omni channel retailing is going to be more relevant now than ever. In order to improve sales performance in future, retail companies have to combine brick and mortar operation with digital strategies. Rise of Smartphone adoption will increase online retail selling. In future online marketing will become the most important promotion and advertising strategy. There are various in-store technology can be used as effective marketing tool to increase sales performance. They are such as digital signage, interactive screens, self serve kiosks and online product directories. Presently it has been found that 49% of the Australian customers would like purchase products with the help of apps than a browser. For this reason, retail companies such as Woolsworth and Wesfarmers have started to incorporate mobile apps in their Omni-channel marketing strategy. The Australian grocery retail had experienced a positive growth in the year of 2016. This high rate of growth in this sector can be explained by the success of discounters within the country. However, the growth of this industry is restricted by price discounting and intense amount of competition. These factors have hindered the growth rate of the grocery retailer s during the year. Rapid technology advancements provide retail companies the opportunities to engage consumer in-store. It has been found that perception of many marketers in the retail market is that the lending practices have also become constrained. It had also affected the commercial growth and customer credit. Topic 2 Global Retail Business Hypothesis: H0: Global retail business is changing due to market competition H1: Global retail business is not changing due to market competition Supermarkets and grocery retail industry is competitive not only in Australia but also in other parts of the world. The level of competitiveness is due to the change in consumer trends of the shopping their necessary goods from the market as well as changing sentiments. The change in the consumer sentiments has also changed the trading pattern of the supermarket retail industry all over the world[9]. Global supermarket retail industry has showed the growth of many popular supermarkets such as Tesco, Walmart, Aldi, Woolworths, Metcash, etc. It is seen that the supermarket retailers of Australia are adapting the trends of the demands of the customers that are responsible for the increase of footprints in the retail stores. They are facing the competition to meet the higher expectation of the customers in terms of convenience, freshness of the foods, transparency, standard of foods and other products served by it[10]. The trends that the retail supermarkets across the world are adopting are categorized into groups such as authentication of the fresh foods, convergence concepts that are convenience driven, impact of the changing regulations, creating opportunities to the workforce and consolidation of the operational movements. Companies are going to focus on the product differentiation focusing on the niche segment of customers. The addition of the online retailing and click and col lect options are more competitive than the traditional supermarket stores of different parts of the world[11]. On the other hand, it can be said that the supermarkets in many parts of the world are facing issues in maintaining the workforce i.e. skilled technical workforce. The companies are facing different issues in terms of maintaining the workforce in terms of technical problems. The technical experts and skilled expertise are hard to find in many countries of the world. However, it is the responsibility of the retailers to take of their employees in terms of employee engagement and their satisfaction. The supermarkets are facing problems in order to maintain an adjustment of the operations to the different associates who are associated with managing an array of tasks[12]. Research has portrayed the fact that the need of technology is of first priority. In terms of facility management systems, the global retailers are utilizing different types of human centred design that are considered as enhancing connectivity and monitoring the capabilities that improves user interface, intuitive opera tion and usability. The changing regulations of the countries are factors that are responsible for creating any effect on the trading patterns of the different supermarket retailers across the world. The two regulations that are important in creating a significant change of the business patterns of the supermarket retailers are refrigerant regulation and Food Safety Modernization Act. It can be said that the refrigerant regulation changes focuses on the issues of energy efficiency and the refrigerants. This implication will help the retailers while adopting refrigerators that are manufactured by using latest technologies[13]. The FSMA regulation is responsible for reduction of food waste by the companies. The individual retailers and the grocers are responsible for maintaining the freshness level farm to table. The companies are focusing on increasing the footprints in order to boost their never ending strategy in the expansion plans. In terms of focusing on the trollies of the consumers, it is seen that the global supermarkets are focused in providing benefits to the shoppers in order to improve their shopping experience. Hence, the hypothesis of the topic can be said that the global supermarkets are constantly trying to follow the recent and future trends in order to attract more customers that results to increase in the sales. It can be concluded that the global supermarket retail chains across the world are competitive in nature while developing their research and development department in order to imply the product differentiation by adopting different types of pricing strategies to attract the customers of the specific target market. It is seen that the top retail companies are competing with each other not only in terms of price but also in terms of attracting more customers. . It can be said that the food retail industry across the world are simultaneously differentiating and consolidating. It is known by conducting research to the market regarding the integrity and safety of the foods they maintain in order to satisfy the consumers of the countries. Topic 3 Consumer Demands Hypothesis: H0: Global market strategies depend on the changing perspectives of consumers H1: Global market strategies does not depend on the changing perspectives of consumers Demands of the consumers are important aspect in the perspective of developing strategies of the global supermarket retail chains. Preferences of the consumers are the main criteria that businesses of every sector follow while standing apart in the competitive market in terms of different business operations such as revenue, customers, product expansion, market expansion, etc. The section will focus on the effect of changing patterns of the consumer demands in the perspective of shopping attributes and perception of choosing things especially food and other grocery items. There are also some problems that are faced by the global supermarket chains along with the supermarkets of Australia. Food and retail transition among the supermarket retail are caused due to the change in the consumers choice especially in terms of food items. The British people are known for consuming more calories when compared with other people of the different countries of the world. The transitional middle-income group is known for more consumption of processed foods that have very high in energy and salt content. These foods are known as problem foods because these foods are responsible of creating risks of different types of diabetes and cardio-vascular diseases. Research has been done not only to the supermarkets across different parts of the world but also to the consumers who are considered as the shoppers. It can be said that more than 85% of the respondents are preferring supermarkets for buying their essential things[14]. Among them, almost half of the consumers are regularly visiting the supermarkets and the convenience stores. They are focused in buying foods those are healthy and do es not contain more fat. The consumers purchase fresh bakeries, vegetables and different organic foods more than processed meats, soft drinks, fast foods, deep fried foods, instant foods, etc.) Apart from that, the supermarkets focus on the service quality, customer loyalty, and customer satisfaction and the self-checkout service for increasing the customer loyalty and the increase of the sales. The technological advancements of the supermarkets are responsible for increase of the sales of their products as well as setting various programs for the development of customer loyalty programs. Apart from that, self-service checkouts must be improved so that the customers are not facing any rush while shopping in the supermarkets. Tesco has improved their clubcards and other applications that help them in shopping at Tesco very easily[15]. Customized offers and discounts are set by the company to engage the shoppers to shop at Tesco. Aldi, Tesco, develops mobile applications so that customers can choose their products easily and can avail many benefits. New product development especially in terms of foods is the reason of changing patterns of the customers towards consumption of foods. The concept of e-retailing is also on demand that is responsible for attracting most of the youngsters. The youngsters are usually tech savvy and are focused to the latest trends of fashion on different items. Hence, the retailers are developing products according to the latest trends by keeping the price margin quite affordable. However, it can be said that different retailers across the world are focusing on global supply chain for seeking the benefits of lower cost in terms of agri-food supply chains[16]. The supermarket retail chains of United States of America are focusing on the just in time so that they can distribute the products to the customers in a proper time[17]. It can be concluded that American retailers such as Walmart, British retailer Tesco and German retailer Aldi are known for implementation of technologies by conducting a proper research on the customers of their areas of operations. The methods and the discounts are different from one country to another country. The food retailers are considered to as more focus to the demands and preferences of the customers. New food products along with customer service techniques are developed as per the choices and shopping patterns of the customers of their target markets. It can be said that supermarkets from all parts of the world are strongly agree about the fact of following the changing shopping patterns of the consumers of their target market in order to sustain in the target market. Topic 4 Independence Groceries Hypothesis: H0: The Supermarket giants rule the global retail industry H1: The Supermarket giants does not rule the global retail industry The big multinational supermarket retail giants rule global food and grocery markets. However, the importance of the independence groceries or the local retailers is considered as an important contributor of the economy of different countries. It can be said that the local grocers have a particular market share in many parts of the countries. The section will describe about the facts about the local grocery retailers of the world[18]. Local retailers in many undeveloped and developing countries are still preferred by huge customers in the rural areas. There is a sentiment that works behind the preference of choosing local groceries over big supermarkets. However, there are many advantages while shopping from a supermarket when compared to local grocery retailers, but the trust factor is more in the local shops than the big supermarkets. Apart from that, rural people rely on trust factor than other factors of price and availability of the goods. In the rural areas of different countries these things happen. On the contrary, the residents dwelling in the urban areas are focused to shop from the supermarket retail shops as they are price sensitive and the availability of the products are huge compared to the local retail shops[19]. There are many schemes and offers that the customers can avail while shopping from retail stores of Walmart, Tesco, Metcash, Coles, etc. There is a fact of going digital that is an area of top priority. It is seen that the supermarkets are going online in order to engage customers in the 24*7 shopping. They also provide extra discounts and offers in order to attract customer base. The huge varieties of products except groceries are a reason of threat for the local retailers. The different ranges of food products along with other daily requirement essential products are huge in number in terms of the quantity. Apart from that, the quality of the products in supermarkets is also high from that of the local retailers. It is the reason of the preference of the urban customers while shopping at the supermarkets[20]. To compete with the competitors, local retailers of many developed and developing countries like Germany, France, Malaysia, China, Japan, India, etc. are developing their operations in their target market. The target market of the local retailers is relatively very small compared to the big multinational retail stores. The strategies include lower price of the products. The most important is the use of the concept of convenience stores. The convenient stores are present in many local areas where consumers usually seek. Apart from the groceries items, the local grocery retailers are now storing different essential products that are required in the daily life of the consumers[21]. Research has showed that huge customers base is shifted towards the convenient store format of the local retailers. The element of trust factor is enhanced by the owner of the shops in order to convince them to buy goods from their shops. Technologies are also used by them in the operations of distribution maintain stocks in the stores, inventory level maintenance, etc. while maintaining the stock of the shop up to date. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be mentioned that retail industry of Australia is increasing rapidly. However, the increment rate had been decreased compare to 2015. This is due to the reason that customers remain cautious about their spending during the whole year due to low level of income growth. People are becoming more inclined towards high quality products. Online retailing has become more important compare store retailing. Customers have become more concern about hygienic products. Omni channel marketing has become important part of marketing technique used in retail market. Companies like Coles, Woolworths and Wesfarmers have incorporated this strategy to enhance their business performance. 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